WWI+and+Literature-+Sina

Effects of WW1 in literature • Due to the social, political and economic shifts, many people began to see flaws in their society à Literature was used as a way of protesting • Exhaustion : -Women had to take on masculine jobs, due to the absence of the men - Many men suffered from the stress of the war, both physically and psychologically. à Both used writing as a way to control emotions. • Women started to speak out à Women started to write, giving literature a whole new aspect • The new style of the War gave people time to explore the battle grounds à Time to write about the scenery and their experiences in detail.

The whole world was effected by the first world war. The pain and suffering, the deaths and injuries changed peoples opinions and led them to change their way of thinking and their way of writing.
 * è ** **The war gave the people a voice**

__Poetry of the war__ • " There was no really good true war book during the entire four years of the war. The only true writing that came through during the war was in poetry. One reason for this is that poets are not arrested as quickly as prose writers" - Ernest Hemingway, in "Men at War“-

• Poems were used as a way to control emotions and to communicate a message. • Express emotions. • Showed how people were feeling • Honest opinions were brought to life Examples of WW1 Literature:

__All Quiet on the Western Front’__ • Novel by Erich Maria Remarque • Worked in the military as a nurse during WW1 • Covers the soldiers loss of civilian life and the soldiers physical and mental stress during the war. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• Told by main character Paul, a soldier in the war. <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //When you read the two excerpts, focus on the narrators point of view?what does this do to the reader?// [**The death of Kemmerich**] I sit by Kemmerich’s bed. He is sinking steadily. Around us is a great commotion. A hospital train has arrived and the wounded fit to be moved are being selected. The doctor passes by Kemmerich’s bed without once looking at him. “Next time, Franz,” I say. He raises himself on the pillow with his elbows. ”They have amputated my leg.” He knows it too then. I nod and answer: “You must be thankful you’ve come off with that.” He is silent. I resume: “It might have been both legs, Franz. Wegeler lost his right arm. That’s much worse. Besides, you will be going home.” He looks at me. “Do you think so?” “Of course.” “Do you think so?” he repeats. “Sure. Once you’ve got over the operation.” He beckons me to bend down. I stoop over him and he whispers: “I don’t think so.”. . .   For a while he lies still. Then he says: “You can take my lace-up boots with you for Müller.” I nod and wonder what to say to encourage him. His lips have fallen away, his mouth has become large, his teeth stick out and look as though they were made of chalk. The flesh melts, the forehead bulges more prominently, the cheek-bones protrude. The skeleton is working itself through. The eyes are already sunken in. In a couple of hours it will be over. [30-32]   [**Bombardment in the Graveyard**] The earth bursts before us. It rains clods. I feel a smack. My sleeve is torn away by a splinter. I shut my fist. No pain. Still that does not reassure me: wounds don’t hurt till afterwards. I feel the arm all over. It is grazed but sound. Now a crack on the skull, I begin to lose consciousness. Like lightning the thought comes to me: Don’t faint, sink down in the black broth and immediately come up to the top again. A splinter slashes into my helmet, but has traveled so far that it does not go through. I wipe the mud out of my eyes. A hole is torn up in front of me. Shells hardly ever land in the same hole twice, I’ll get into it. With one bound I fling myself down and lie on the earth as flat as a fish; there it whistles again, quickly I crouch together, claw for cover, feel something on the left, shove in beside it, it gives way, I groan, the earth leaps, the blast thunders in my ears, I creep under the yielding thing, cover myself with it, draw it over me, it is wood, cloth, cover, cover, miserable cover against the whizzing splinters. __ Use of Narrator: __ <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• How is the story told? -Use of 1st person –Paul (sometimes third person) <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //What does this do to the reader?// <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Events and life experiences are shared <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Feeling and emotions are clarified <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Intimate <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Reader feels and understands his pain à shows how brutal the war was __ Symbols __ <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• A frequent used symbol in this novel is the **boot**. <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• Example in the first given passage: “ You can take my lace-up boots for Mueller.” <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• In the novel, the boots are passed around and it is always the person who wears them that dies. <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //What do you think they symbolise?// //-//Strength -health -Helplessness <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• Good boots-> healthy feet-> strong man->good fighter->hope->death à even with good boots, the men are helpless <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //Why does the author use these literary devices?// <span style="display: block; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- To teach people about the war and how it really was à to communicate a message //__ In Flanders Fields __// <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• Famous and memorable poem by John McCrae <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• Written in May 1915in a cemetery in Belgium (Flanders region) after the death of his friend Alexis Helmer. <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //What is the message of this poem? When reading this poem, what could the poppies symbolize?//

<span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //__[|http://][|www.youtube.com/watch?v=MCcS7mZwZAA] __// **In Flanders Fields** In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved, and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. //__Message:__// <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• written to show the reader how the soldiers were suffering <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• à cry for attention and sympathy <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• Shows the difference between the life before and after the war, starting with love and ending with death. <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• à shows that ww1 literature often had a message <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• People had a voice //__Poppies:__// <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• known to symbolize death, renewal and life <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• Flowers are famous for their seeds which can stay in the soil for years and that only then appear when the soil is churned <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• When there was war in 1914, in France and Flanders, Poppys appeared, as the soil had been churned due à beautiful flowers appear in a war area à ironic Symbol for remembrance?

<span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //__http://britlitwiki.wikispaces.com/The+First+World+War+and+Literature __// <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //__[|http://][|www.oppapers.com/essays/Ww1-Changed-British-Literature/41287] __// <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //__ [|http://] [|en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields] __// <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //__ [] __// <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //__ [|http://] [|cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides6/Flanders.html] __// <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //__ [|http://] [|www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-poppies.html] __// <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //__ [|http://] [|www.greatwar.co.uk/poems/john-mccrae-in-flanders-fields.htm] __// <span style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">• //__ [|http://] [|www.worldwar1.com/heritage/rpoppy.htm] __//

http://www.literaryconnections.co.uk/resources/ww1.html http://www.42explore2.com/ww1.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_World_War_I http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist151s03/messages/104.html http://net.lib.byu.edu/english/wwi/newmain.html http://www.firstworldwar.com/poetsandprose/ambulance.htm